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Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky ((ロシア語:Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский); – June 12, 1937) was a leading Soviet military leader and theoretician from 1918 to 1938. He commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Russo-Polish War of 1920-21 and served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He contributed to the modernization of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s and became instrumental in the development of aviation, mechanized, and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind Soviet development of the theory of deep operations. The Soviet authorities accused of him treason and had him shot during the military purges of 1937-38, but "rehabilitated" his reputation in the 1960s.〔Nikulin, Tukhachevsky: Biograficheskii ocherk (A biographical essay ) (Moskva: Voennoe Izdatel'stvo, 1964), 189-97.〕
==Early life==
Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District, into a family of impoverished hereditary nobles.〔Simon Sebag Montefiore, ''Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar'', page 252.〕 There was a legend that his family was descended from a Flemish count who ended up stranded in the East during the Crusades and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia.〔Norman Davies, ''White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919-20'', page 130.〕〔https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/ch03.htm〕 His great-grandfather was Alexander Tukhachevsky, a Colonel of Imperial Russian Army. He was of Russian ethnicity. After attending the Moscow Military School in 1912, he moved on to the Aleksandrovskoye Military School whence he graduated in 1914. At the outset of the First World War, he joined the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment as a Second Lieutenant declaring,
"I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence.... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then."〔''The Red Army'' - Page 111 - by Michel Berchin, Eliahu Ben-Horin - 1942〕
After being taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from prisoner-of-war camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress.〔Weintraub, Stanley. ''A Stillness Heard Round the World''. Truman Talley Books, 1985, p. 340〕 There he shared a cell with Charles de Gaulle who reported that he played his violin, spouted nihilist beliefs and spoke against Jews whom he called dogs who "spread their fleas throughout the world".〔The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved by Jonathan Fenby p68〕
His fifth escape was successful, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, he returned to Russia in September 1917. After the October Revolution, Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks and went on to play a key role in the Red Army in spite of his noble ancestry.
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